The second AI winter (late 1980s): Lisp machines and a crash
The Lisp-machine and expert-shell market contracted; AI retreated to labs while statistical ML grew quietly.
3 articles
AI winter
Index of editorial tags and filtered coverage.
The first AI winter (1970s): promises vs. reality
British government cuts (Lighthill report) and DARPA pullbacks chilled AI after oversized 1960s expectations.
Minsky and Papert 1969: Perceptrons and the brake on connectionism
The book Perceptrons argued severe limits of single-layer networks and helped eclipse neural nets for a time.